Chronology

Fibre Source	1750 1750: Cotton and Linen rags are exclusively used for papermaking.	1760	1770 1774: Deinking with bentonite is discovered by Justus Claproth in Germany allowing easier paper recycling.	1780	1790	1800 1800: Quality recycled paper is produced by Mathias Koop. 1801: Mathias Koop patents a deinking and paper recycling process in the UK. 1800–1802: Straw is used to produce paper for a book by Mathias Koop.	1810	1820 1829: Straw is used for the first time in the USA. 1829: Security threads in paper is patented by John Dickinson.	1830 1838: Cellulose is first isolated and its chemical formula determined by Anselme Payen. 1839: Esparto grass is experimented with by Miles Berry, but with no success.	1840 1841: Groundwood softwood pulp starts to be used. 1841: Groundwood paper is made in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1848: Groundwood mechanical pulp is produced in Germany. 1848–55: Price of rags for papermaking doubles.	1850 1855: Parchment paper produced in the UK. 1856: The pulping of Esparto grass is developed by T.Routledge 1856: Bagasse may have been used by Henry Howe in Baltimore 1857: T.Routledge imports Esparto grass into the UK for papermaking	1860 1860: Straw is regularly used as a pulp additive. 1860: Esparto paper production increases, especially in book paper.	1870 1870: Groundwood mechanical pulp in common use in Europe. 1870–90: Straw commonly used in cheap printing, writing and newspaper.	1880 1880: Esparto use in newspaper ceases. 1884: Bagasse used in Louisiana, USA.	1890	1900 1907: Esparto starts to be used in the USA.	1910 1914: Aspen and Poplar are used in chemical pulp. 1914–1918: Straw is used in place of Esparto due to WW1. 1916: Eucalypt fibre is started to be researched by M.Boas in Australia.	1920 1920: Cotton linters started to be used. 1921–27: L.R. Benjamin conducts research into using Eucalypt pulp in Australia.	1930 1935–40: Experimental work on using hardwood being used for paper making. 1916–38: Experimental work on Eucalypt wood being used for paper making in Australia. 1938: Eucalyptus used for paper pulp. 1939–45: Straw is used as a replacement for Esparto due to WW2.	1940	1950 1950: Froth flotation used to deink recycled paper.	1960 1960s: Bagasse is researched by Crown Zellerback and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association	1970 1978: Recycled fibre constitutes 22.5% of global fibre source. 1978: Kenaf is trialled to make newsprint at C.E. Baur, Uhio, USA.	1980 1980: Esparto no longer imported to the UK, still imported to France. 1981: Kenaf is trialled commercially for newsprint at the International Paper mill, Mobile, USA. 1986: Bagasse newsprint mill opens in Tamil Nadu, India.	1990 1992: Recycled fibre constitutes 33.5% of global fibre source. 1992: Kenaf printing and writing paper is printed by Vision Papers.	2000 2000: Recycled fibre constitutes 44% of global fibre source.
Technology	1750 1756: James Whatman produces the first wove paper in Europe for John Baskerville.	1760	1770 1774: Deinking with bentonite is discovered by Claproth in Germany allowing easier paper recycling.	1780	1790 1790: Rag fermentation in stock preparation dies out. 1795: Hydraulic press is invented by Joseph Bramah in England. 1798: A papermaking machine is patented by Nicholas Robert in France.	1800 1800: Quality recycled paper is produced by Mathias Koop. 1800: Possible date for the improved laid mould to prevent pulp build up around chain lines. Start of modern laid paper. 1803: The first Fourdrinier papermaking machine is made by Donkin with the financial support of the Fourdrinier brothers in England. 1807: The 'Shake' mechanism for papermaking machines is patented by Louis Robert. 1809: The cylinder mould machine is invented by John Dickinson.	1810 1817: Two ply papers and a single steam heated drying cylinder are researched by John Dickinson.	1820 1820: Drying cylinders are patented by Thomas Crompton. 1824: Board making patent by John Dickinson. 1825: A dandy roll to produce a laid paper is patented by John and Christopher Phillips. 1826: Technique for sewing watermarks into a covered roller is patented by Thomas Barrett. 1826: The first dandy roll is made by John Marshall. 1829: Security threads in paper is patented by John Dickinson.	1830 1830: Duplex paper is invented by John Dickinson using a twin wire. 1830: Calendaring starts to be used in the UK. 1836: The vacuum box is added the Fourdrinier machine by James Brown. 1839: Improved "Ronson" drying cylinder is patented by Robert Ranson. 1839: Technique for fixing letters to a dandy roll is patented by William Joynson.	1840	1850 1855: Parchment paper developed in the UK. 1856: Pleated and corrugated paper is patented by Healey and Allen in the UK. 1856: The disc refiner is patented by Laban Stuart.	1860 1860: Joseph Jordan invents the cone refiner. 1863: First multi-vat board making machine invented by John Jones in the USA.	1870 1870: The corrugated cardboard box is patented by Robert Gair in the USA. 1871: Corrugated cardboard is patented by Albert Jones in the USA. 1874: First single sided corrugated board making machine is made.	1880 1884: True Twin wire machine is invented by Escher Wyss.	1890 1897: Vacuum couch roller is added to the papermaking machine by George Dickinson.	1900 1908: Suction couch is patented by Millspaugh Ltd, UK.	1910 1912: First Suction couch is produced by Millspaugh, UK.	1920 1924: Suction couches in widespread use. 1928: Disc refiner is used to make pulp in Hartsville, USA.	1930 1931: Arne Apslund makes pulp in a steam pressurized refiner. 1938: A disc refiner is used to make pulp from woodchips at the Blandin Paper Company, Grand Rapids, USA.	1940 1940s: Replacement of natural stone with manufactured stone embedded with silicon carbide or aluminium oxide. 1948: Continuous cooking digester developed by Johan Richter for sulphate pulp.	1950 1950s: Flow spreader is developed.	1960 1960: Synthetic forming wires developed. Polyester replaces phosphorous bronze in the wet end wire. 1963: Grooved rollers in the press section are introduced.	1970 1970: First off machine blade coater is used in Canada.	1980	1990	2000
Pulping	1750 1750: Rag fermentation, Hollander beater, hand made paper using a wire mould.	1760	1770 1772: Jacob Christian Schaffer proposed using plant fibre directly to make paper.	1780	1790 1790: Rag fermentation in stock preparation dies out.	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840 1840: A woodgrinding machine is patented by Friedrich Keller and Heinrich Voelter. 1841: Groundwood paper is made in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.	1850 1851: Soda Pulping process is developed by Hugh Burgess and Charles Watt for softwood pulp.	1860 1860: First Soda Pulp Mill opens in the USA. 1865: A method for the recovery of the spent liquors is patented by Hugh Burgess and Charles Watt. 1866: The Sulphite pulp process is developed by Benjamin Tilghman.	1870 1870s: Steam pre-treatment of mechanical pulp is developed. 1874: First Sulphite pulp mill opens in Sweden.	1880 1884: Sulphate pulp process is patented by C.F.Dahl. 1885: First Sulphate Pulp mill opens in Munksjo, Sweden.	1890	1900	1910	1920 1925: 60% of pulp is Sulphite pulp, 20% is Soda and 20% Sulphate pulp. 1928: Disc refiner is used to make pulp in Hartsville, USA.	1930 1934: Tomlinson recovery boiler invented to recover processing chemicals. Sulphate pulping becomes the predominant method.	1940	1950	1960 1967: 20% of global pulp is sulphite pulp.	1970 1971: Organosolv pulping patented by Theodore Kleinert. 1975: Thermomechanical pulping widely used. 1979: 9.2% of global pulp is sulphite pulp.	1980 1985: Neutral sulphite anthoquinone pulping introduced.	1990	2000 2000: 6% of global chemical pulp is sulphite, 94% is sulphate pulp.
Mechanical Pulp	1750	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800	1810	1820	1830 1835: Charles Fenerty conducts experiments on making papermaking fibre from wood ground against a revolving grindstone in Halifax, Canada. 1836: Friedrich Keller makes a small amount of pulp by grinding wood against a wetted grindstone in Germany.	1840 1845: Friedrich Keller produces paper from pressing wood against a revolving grindstone with about 30% rag content. October 11th 1845 edition of the Hainichen weekly paper uses this first example of mechanical pulp.	1850 1852: Johann Voith constructs the "Defibreure" Voith grinder. 1852–1860: Johann Voith produces 21 Voith grinders for use in Germany and elsewhere.	1860 1866: First ground wood pulp grinder is installed in North America in Buntin Mill, Valley field, Quebec, Canada. 1867: A Heinrich Voelter designed and Voith build grinder is installed at Albrecht Pagenstecher mill, Curtisville, Massachusetts,USA.	1870 1870s: Steam pre-treatment of mechanical pulp is developed. 1873: Word Fair in Vienna, the latest Voith grinder is exhibited, with a power of 100hp.	1880	1890 1896: About 500 wood grinders are in operation in the USA.	1900	1910 1910: Voith Company introduces electric engines and a hydraulic magazine grinder.	1920 1926: The first Great Northern Grinder is commercially installed at East Milloncket mill. 1926: Artificial grinding stone successfully introduced by Norton Company.	1930 1939: Roberts Ring grinder is installed Algonquin paper company, New York.	1940 1940: Commercial newsprint is produced from Southern pine at the Southlands Paper mill, Texas, USA.	1950	1960 1961: Thermomechanical pulping is patented by Anglo Paper Products Research and Development. 1964: Grinding at pressure is investigated by Powell, Luhde and Logan.	1970 1970: A pressurized grinder is patented in Sweden by Logan and Luhde for Anglo Paper Products. 1975: Thermomechanical pulping widely used. 1979: First commercial application of enclosed pressurized grinding in Bure mill, Sweden.	1980 1981: First PGW plant in the USA at Madison Paper Industries mill, Madison, Maine, USA.	1990	2000
Soda Pulp	1750	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840	1850 1851: Soda Pulping process is developed by Hugh Burgess and Charles Watt for softwood pulp.	1860 1860: First Soda Pulp Mill opens in the USA. 1865: A method for the recovery of the spent liquors is patented by Hugh Burgess and Charles Watt.	1870	1880	1890	1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950 1955: Cold-Soda process is used to make printing papers at the Gould Paper Company, New York, USA.	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000
Sulphite Pulp	1750	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860 1866: The Sulphite pulp process is developed by Benjamin Tilghman, and patented the following year.	1870 1874: First Sulphite pulp mill opens in Sweden.	1880 1880–1930: Sulphite process is the dominant pulping process.	1890	1900	1910	1920 1926: Neutral Sulphite semi-chemical pulping is developed by US Forestry Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.	1930 1934–1950: Sulphite pulping mills decrease in number.	1940	1950	1960	1970 1979: 9.2% of global pulp is sulphite pulp.	1980 1985: Neutral sulphite anthoquinone pulping introduced.	1990	2000 2000: 6% of global chemical pulp is sulphite, 94% is sulphate pulp.
Sulphate Pulp	1750	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860	1870	1880 1884: Sulphate pulp process is patented by C.F.Dahl. 1885: First Sulphate Pulp mill opens in Munksjo,Sweden.	1890	1900 1909: First Sulphate pulp mill in the USA.	1910	1920	1930 1934: Tomlinson recovery boiler invented to recover processing chemicals. 1934–1950: Sulphate pulp processing becomes predominant pulping process.	1940 1948: Continuous cooking digester developed by Johan Richter for sulphate pulp. 1934–1950: Sulphate pulp processing becomes predominant pulping process.	1950 1934–1950: Sulphate pulp processing becomes predominant pulping process.	1960	1970 1979: 9.2% of global pulp is sulphite pulp.	1980	1990	2000 2000: 6% of global chemical pulp is sulphite, 94% is sulphate pulp.
Sizing	1750 1750: Sizing was external, (Tub sizing), using gelatine often mixed with alum to help prevent it from going off.	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800 1807: Moritz Illig publishes his findings on Internal sizing with Alum-rosin in Germany.	1810	1820 1829: Tub-sizing is done one a paper machine for the first time.	1830 1830: Internal alum-rosin sizing is introduced in the USA by Joseph Krah.	1840	1850	1860	1870 1876: Papermakers alum, Al₂(SO₄)³, is first introduced.	1880	1890	1900	1910	1920	1930 1930: Rosin-wax sizing starts to be used.	1940	1950 1952–1954: Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing is researched at Hercules Co. 1955: AKD is marketed with the name Aquapel.	1960 1962: Modified fortified rosin is developed.	1970 1974: Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) introduced as a size.	1980 1980s: Synthetic polymer mordants replace alum.	1990	2000
Bleach	1750 1750: Bleaching by using lime, sun bleaching, stale urine or sour milk.	1760	1770 1774: Chlorine is discovered by Karl Scheele.	1780 1788: James Watt discovers the bleaching properties of sodium hypochlorite in Scotland. 1789: Sodium hypochlorite is produced and popularized by Claude Berthollet.	1790 1792: Bleaching paper and textiles with chlorine is patented by George & Clement Taylor. 1799: Charles Tennant invents bleaching powder, calcium hypochlorite, in Glasgow, Scotland.	1800 1804: Calcium hypochlorite started to be used as a bleach in the USA. 1807: Sodium hydroxide is discovered by Humphrey Davy.	1810 1818: Louis Thenard discovers Hydrogen Peroxide.	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860	1870	1880 1889: A process using a mixture of ozone and chlorine gas for bleaching is patented by Brin and Brin.	1890 1894: A continuous bleaching system of four tanks used on soda pulp in Cumberland Mill, Maine, USA.	1900 1904: Continuous bleaching system of sulphite pulp in Cumberland Mill, Maine, USA. 1905: Hydrogen peroxide bleaching of pulp is patented in Germany.	1910	1920	1930 1930s: Continuous bleach plant developed by Johan Richter for sulphate pulp. 1930s: Elementary chlorine is commercially introduced as a bleach. 1934: Sequential ozone and chlorine bleaching is patented by Campbell and Rolleston.	1940 1940s: Chlorine dioxide bleaching is introduced. 1941: Hydrogen peroxide bleaching on chemical woodpulp in the USA. 1946: Chlorine dioxide is first commercially introduced.	1950 1950s: Five stage, CEDED, introduced allowing Kraft pulp to be bleached to a high level. 1950: Hydrogen peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulp. 1952: Oxygen bleaching is invented by Nikitin and Akim in the USSR.	1960 1966: Displacement bleaching is first investigated by Rapson and Andersson. 1968: Oxygen bleaching commercialized.	1970 1970: Oxygen bleaching to a high consistency first achieved in South Africa. 1973: Displacement bleaching pilot plant first installed. 1975: Displacement bleach is first commercially installed.	1980 1980s: Growing environmental and health concerns about elemental and chlorine dioxide bleaching.	1990 1990: Shift away from elemental chlorine bleaching to TCF and ECF bleaching, in regulation and practice. 1990: 90% of kraft pulp is elemental bleached. 1990: Ozone delignification is commercialized. 1999: TCF pulp is 25% of the European market.	2000 2001: 96% of the bleached chemical pulp in the USA, Canada and Europe is ECF. 2005: Elemental chlorine bleaching is used in 20% of kraft pulp globally, the rest being TCF and ECF.
Fillers, Coating, Optical Brighteners	1750 1750: Paper is dyed blue with woad, indigo and logwood. 1754: Coated paper is first patented by George Cummings.	1760 1764: A mixture of lead white, plaster of Paris, lime size, and nut or linseed oil is patented by George Cummings as a coating.	1770 1770: Prussian blue used to dye paper blue. 1775: Zinc white is reportedly used.	1780 1780: Kaolin in general use.	1790 1797: Chrome yellow is used as a paper colourant in Europe.	1800 1807: Kaolin is used as a filler.	1810	1820 1823: Gypsum, calcium sulphate, is used as a filler in Europe. 1827: A lead white, isinglass, gum and animal size mixture is used to coat paper.	1830 1830: Synthetic ultramarine used to dye paper blue.	1840	1850 1850: Casein is used as an adhesive in coated papers. 1852: A coating machine is introduced to replace hand coating paper.	1860	1870 1870: Kaolin usage increases.	1880	1890 1890: Casein replaces animal glue as the most commonly used coating adhesive. 1890: White lead is used in some papers.	1900 1901: Indanthrene blue is invented. 1904:Modified starches introduced as a coating adhesive.	1910	1920 1925: Calcium carbonate starts to be commercially used as a filler. 1928: Titanium Dioxide starts to be used.	1930 1932: Zinc Sulphide loading is introduced. 1933: Zinc oxide loading is introduced. 1936: Fluorescent whitening agents first used as optical brighteners. 1937: Urea-formaldehyde resins used for wet strength introduced. 1937: Soy protein adhesive used in coatings. 1938: Diatomaceous earth used as a filler.	1940	1950 1950: Polyethylene imine is patented as a retention aid. 1952: Polyvinyl alcohols used as adhesives in coated papers. 1953: Cationic starches are introduced. 1955: Polymeric retention aids are developed to work with AKD. 1957: Kymene 557 Wet strength resin is developed by Keim and Meginnis.	1960 1960: AKD sized and Kymene 557 wet strength resin paper developed as permanent paper by W. Barrow for Virginia State Library. 1963: Polyethylene imine and polyacrylamides used as retention aids.	1970 1970s: Calcium carbonate filler starts to be widely used in Europe as alkaline sizing gains popularity.	1980 1986: Precipitated calcium carbonate satellite plant attached to paper mill in Wisconsin, USA.	1990	2000
Watermarks, Wove and Laid marks	1750 1756: James Whatman produces the first wove paper in Europe for John Baskerville.	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800 1800: Improved laid mould to prevent pulp build up around chain lines. Start of modern laid paper.	1810 1818: Coloured watermarks are patented by Sir William Cosgreve.	1820 1825: A dandy roll to produce a laid paper is patented by John and Christopher Phillips. 1826: Technique for sewing watermarks into a covered roller is patented by Thomas Barrett. 1826: The first dandy roll is made by John Marshall.	1830 1839: Technique for fixing letters to a dandy roll is patented by William Joynson.	1840 1848: Shade tonal watermarks are invented by W.H.Smith. 1849: Shade tonal watermarks are developed for the Bank of England by William Brewer and John Smith.	1850 1851: Shade tonal watermarks are exhibited by T.H. Saunders.	1860	1870	1880	1890	1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000
Mills, History	1750	1760	1770	1780	1790	1800 1809: Tracing paper is developed by Canson.	1810 1817: First cylinder papermaking machine installed in the USA, at Gilpin Mill, Delawere.	1820 1827: First Fourdrinier machine assembled in the USA in New York. 1829: John Murray publishes Practical Remarks on Modern Paper, in which he outlines paper degradation caused by bleaching and alum. 1829: First Fourdrinier machine built in the USA at Norwich Falls, Conneticut.	1830 1830: About half of England’s paper is produced by papermaking machines. 1838: Cellulose is first isolated and its chemical formula determined by Anselme Payen.	1840	1850 1856: Coal Tar dyes developed by William Perkins. 1856-1869: Soda pulp process used in Lyndon Mill, Gloucester, UK.	1860 1863: First newspaper in the USA printed on groundwood pulp, the Boston Weekly Journal. 1863: First groundwood pulp paper produced in the USA. 1866: The last commercial hand made paper mill closes in the USA.	1870	1880 1888: Sulphite pulp produced in Ontario, Canada.	1890 1891: Kelmscott press established, using handmade paper from the Joseph Batchelor Mill, Little Chart, Kent.	1900 1908: Cellophane is invented by Jacques Brandenberger. 1909: First Sulphate pulp mill in the USA.	1910	1920	1930 1938: Burnie, Tasmania, APPM mill begins producing eucalypt soda pulp fine writing and printing paper in Australia. 1939: Maryvale, Victoria, APPM mill begins producing Kraft eucalypt pulp in Australia.	1940	1950	1960 1960: AKD sized and Kymene 557 wet strength resin paper developed as permanent paper by W. Barrow for Virginia State Library.	1970	1980	1990	2000

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U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies for Reducing Dioxin in the Manufacture of Bleached Wood Pulp, OTA-BP-O-54, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1989

Vakkilainen, Dr Esa. Development of the Recovery Boiler Technology, 2003 http://www.eng.utah.edu/~whitty/blackliquor/colloquium2003/pdfs_handouts/5.1.Vakkilainen-Evolution_of_RB_Designs_Paper.pdf Accessed 2013

Van der Reyden, Dianne "History, Technology, and Treatment of Specialty Papers Found in Archives, Libraries and Museums: Tracing and Pigment Coated Papers" In: Triennial meeting (10th), Washington, DC, 22-27 August 1993: preprints / Paris: ICOM , 1993, http://www.si.edu/mci/downloads/RELACT/coat_special_papers.pdf Accessed 2013

Watermarks and brands used in the American paper trade, extracted from Post's paper mill directory for 1910 http://www.archive.org/stream/watermarksbrands00post/watermarksbrands00post_djvu.txt Accessed 2013

Wilson, Ian "Filler and Coating Pigment for Papermaking" 2006 http://wakaolin.com/Website%20pdfs/IRW%20PAPER%20PIGMENTS%20%20SME%202006.pdf Accessed 2013

Date of usage

Thickness (µm)

Watermark Symbol

Categories

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970